EOTO 3 Law for Bakke

   The summary of the trial of the University of Caliofornia vs Bakke a thirty-five-year-old white man who had applied twice to be admitted into the University of California Medical School at Davis. He unfortunately was rejected both times thus proclaiming he was excluded from admision solely on the basis of race. The school had reserved approximately 16 places in each entering class of one hundred for "qualified" minorities, as part of the universities affirmative action program, in an effort to redress longstanding, unfair minority exclusions from the medical profession. The reason why Bakke proclaimed this rejection was based of race was because his qualifications ( college GPA and test scores ) exceeded far past those of any of the minority students in the two years his applications were rejected.

A question we ask ourselves is did the University of California violate the 14th Amendments equal protection clause? and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, by practicing an affirmative action policy that resulted in the repeated rejection of Bakke's application for admission to its medical school?

Personally i dont think that this had anything to do with race. The application process for college has always been about a lot of things. There is a possibility but there could have been a difference in other things on his application. Such as, community service, what high school he went to etc. Not everything has to do with race and I think some people automatically think that which isnt right. In my if this were to happen today there would have to be a thorough investigation process before making any decisions.

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1979/76-811

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~jesan20l/classweb/cright.html

EOTO Harmed on African Americans-Lynching

    For almost all African Americans who were growing up in the South the threat of lynching was very common. Lynching was used as an act of terror for blacks, the goal was to distill fear inside of them so they cant function in society normally. Lynching began in 1882 and lasted until around 1968. A total of 4743 lynchings occurred in the United States making this a widespread horrific justice oppressed people would endure. They were a huge flagrant public display, like the executions by guillotines in the medival times. They were often advertised in newpapers and drew large crowds of white families. Most of these lynchings took place in the South because of the end of the Civil War. Even though there were a lot of different people lynched, out of all of them 3446 were black which was approximately. 72.7%. 

    

    Even though a majority of these lynchings came from the South there were many in the West. Most of the lynchings were murderers or cattle thieves.There really was no political link to the lynching of blacks in the South, and whites in the West. The state that had the highest rate or lynchings was Mississipi at 581 but not all states did lynch people. In fact some states didn not lynch a single white or black person. These states inlcude Alaska, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. These were states that had no lynchings from 1882-1968 which was very impressive considering all states around them could have had extremely high rates of lynching.
         

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/emmett-lynching-america/

https://www.naacp.org/history-of-lynchings/    

Reconstruction

     The reconstruction era was the time after the Civil war where the country could finally come together and unite. Blacks and whites started to see the common cause with one another. This was a unity that could get better and better. Although this was a time for the country to come together it also caused sever backlash...

   

 The backlash lasted decades, the white southerners still couldn't see blacks as equals and all they tried to do was strip them of there laws in the harshest ways possible. Not only did reconstruction leave a legacy of hope but it left a legacy of violence. Many blacks following the civil war defied there masters and fled to Union lines. Many were also enlisted in the army. By 1862 many south slaves had found safety thanks to emancipation and other laws. In some eyes, blacks enlisting into the army strengthened it, so there shouldn't have been a problem with it. Still, the white southerners had a problem with it.

`    The most important question asked at this time is "who is a citizen" whether it be free blacks or slaves there has to be an answer. 2 days after the aromatics Abraham Lincoln spoke about Reconstruction and how black veterans and soldiers deserve to be citizens. He later received threats and was assassinated. Although he was assassinated I agree with everything in that sentence. The first order of business was to reconnect slaves with there family members who had been torn away from each other. This was of big importance to the slaves as it is there family who they must see again. During reconstruction the republican party was the party who supoported civil rights. The civil war was believed to be caused by the planter class. 

http://fys1000.blogspot.com/p/learning-to-write-is-just-like-learning.html

The Missouri Compromise

 

    The Missouri Compromise was legislation passed by the US congress allowing Missouri to be admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. In the beginning, Missouri first applied for statehood in 1817 but took 2 years for congress to consider authorizing it as a state. By 1820 Missouri was finally able to be admitted as the 24th state, later causing conflicts as to whether it be free or a slave state. Missouri being admitted as a slave state gave the south a huge advantage because in the beginning the north and south were even with slave/free states.                               

    Maine gets admitted as a free state giving the North the upper hand with more states being free. While Missouri is admitted into statehood but whether free or slave state conflicted many. The south would need Misso   uri to be admitted a slave state which it did. After this slavery was to be extinguished from. all new states in the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri.                                                               

       People on both sides of the controversy saw the compromise as deeply flawed and as something that would still cause many problems. Democracy and self-determination could clearly be mobilized to prolong such an injust institution that contradicted a fundamental American commitment to a time of equality. The Missouri crisis probed an enourmous problematic area of American politics that would evidently explode in a civil war. 

    

       As Thomas Jefferson once said and observed about the Missouri crisis, "This momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror." That quote perfectly described how people especially Thomas Jefferson felt having to deal with all of this chaos and arguing. This was too much for some people to handle. It was a time of disaster and it was a time of fighting for everyone.

https://www.ushistory.org/us/23c.asp

https://www.britannica.com/event/Missouri-Compromise

https://www.history.com/topics/abolitionist-movement/missouri-compromise

Coded bias

    Coded bias is claimed to not recognized dark-skinned faces as accurate as it should have. Many people are against this and in my opinion, it shouldn't have that much power in the government since its not a fully developed technology.

    The way that it should be, science is supposed to be an unbiased opinion. But is it really? In the thought-provoking documentary “Coded Bias,” director Shalini Kantayya questions the neutrality of technology, arguing that computers have a built-in bias that reflects the wrong assumptions of the people (who are usually men) who program them. Her emphasis is on the impact that such bias has on marginalized communities via corporate business and law enforcement.

     The film was based upon or sparked from the work of a Ph.D. student Joy Buolamwini, who started to perform experiments on the AI technology later receiving difficulty scanning her face. This showed this technology has trouble scanning women rather than men. These problems triggered her to take a course of action and serve as both a wake-up call and a call to action.

    Once Joy creates a gender bias, she continues to investigate the same programs for evidence of race-based bias as well. She proclaims that the problem with the A.I. technology can be found in the lazy or egocentric thinking of the coders themselves. The homogenous culture of Silicon Valley is a dead giveaway: The software under scrutiny is designed almost only by men, who don’t necessarily take other identities into consideration when setting the basic parameters of their programs. Are the creators aware of the prejudice within their tech? Do they even care? These are questions we need to ask ourselves and others when looking into this technology because it is everywhere. It's in our streets its in our hands and its everywhere in our world. Questions like those asked above need to be answered before they are let into our lives on a daily basis sometimes without our consent or knowledge.

https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/coded-bias-review-1203502855/https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/coded-bias-review-1203502855/

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2020/02/08/770174171/when-bias-is-coded-into-our-technology

  

Research of Abolitionist David Walker

David Walker's goal was nothing short of revolutionary. He would gather and convince slaves of the South into rebelling against their master. His guide would-be his own pamphlet, David Walker's Appeal, a document that has been described as the most notorious document in America. David was the son of a slave father and a free black mother so he experienced both sides, David was born in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1797. In accordance with existing laws, since his mom was a free black citizen, David Walker was also free. This freedom, however, did not shield him from witnessing firsthand the degradations and injustices of slavery. He witnessed and unbearable amount of misery in his youth, including one disturbing episode of a son who was forced to whip his mother until she died. Walker went about his life traveled throughout the country, eventually settling in Boston. But even in that free northern city, with its prevalent discrimination, life was less than ideal for its black residents especially Walker. Still, Walker apparently fared well, setting up a used clothing store during the 1820s.  In Boston, Walker began to associate with prominent black activists. He joined institutions that denounced slavery in the South and discrimination in the North. He became involved with the nation's first African American newspaper, the Freedom's Journal out of New York City, to which he frequently contributed. By the end of 1828, he had become Boston's leading spokesman against slavery.  In September of 1829, he published his Appeal. To reach his primary audience -- the enslaved men and women of the South -- Walker relied on sailors and ship's officers sympathetic to the cause who could transfer the pamphlet to southern ports. Walker even employed his used clothing business which, being located close to the waterfront, served sailors who bought clothing for upcoming voyages. He sewed copies of his pamphlet into the lining of sailors' clothing. Once the pamphlets reached the South, they could be distributed throughout the region. Walker also sought the aid of various contacts in the South who were also sympathetic to the cause. He thought of every way possible to get his messaged throughout the country. This shows the dedication and value this message meant to him and how badly he wanted it to change. Walker's actions changed the tone and aims of the abolition movement. His message started to reach towns and states all over eventually making him a very relevant and well driven Abolitionist. Most abolitionists had supported the gradual phasing out of slavery, but Walker declared that the institution was a scourge that required immediate elimination. And instead of supporting the return of freed slaves to Africa, he believed that every African American had the right to be a full and equal citizen of the United States. His fiercely argued views would affect and inspire others for years to come. https://www.biography.com/writer/david-walker https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2930.html

 

Anti slavery: David Walker Speech

     I think everything going on with our country is wrong. The idea of another human owning another human to be used for there personal chores is absurd. If the roles were reversed between northern and southeners the feelings on this matter would be absolutely the same. I urge you (African Americans) to fight for your freedom. Do not let another human define who you are. Do not let another human force you to do something you do not want to do while treating you like a piece of garbage in the process. 

The book that I have written should give you the motivation to flee from your masters. What I hope for is that my Appeal will bring attention to the abuses and inequities of slavery and the responsibility of individuals to act according to religious and political principles. I own a clothing store from which I buy and sell clothes I receive from sailers. I use the money I make to help aid runaway slaves get on their feet. I am passionate that this hate and disgusting treatment towards these people can be stopped and I will do whatever in my power to help. Even if I have to die in the process I will die knowing I sacrificed my life for the greater good of our country. Slavery is a bad thing and there is no argument that can say that it isn't. 

    I ask you to join me and help spread my message across each town, show the world the pain and suffering that is going on, put yourself into the shoes of these hurt individuals. Only then will you see the true meaning of my message and from there I hope you start to feel sympathetic. Not only should my book instill pride in these slaves to be free of there masters but also to speak out against colonization, a popular movement that sought to move free blacks to a colony in Africa which would be insanely cruel. If they are free they deserve to be free and treated just like any other citizen in the USA.

  https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2930.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)